You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 15–26 which are based on the Reading Passage below.
What Do Whales Feel?
An examination of the functioning of the senses in cetaceans, the
group of mammals comprising whales, dolphins and porpoises
Some of the senses that we and other terrestrial mammals take for granted are either reduced or absent in cetaceans or fail to function well in water. For example, it appears from their brain structure that toothed species are unable to smell. Baleen species, on the other hand, appear to have some related brain structures but it is not known whether these are functional. It has been speculated that, as the blowholes evolved and migrated to the top of the head, the neural pathways serving sense of smell may have been nearly all sacrificed. Similarly, although at least some cetaceans have taste buds, the nerves serving these have degenerated or are rudimentary.
The sense of touch has sometimes been described as weak too, but this view is probably mistaken. Trainers of captive dolphins and small whales often remark on their animals’ responsiveness to being touched or rubbed, and both captive and freeranging cetacean individuals of all species (particularly adults and calves, or members of the same subgroup) appear to make frequent contact. This contact may help to maintain order within a group, and stroking or touching are part of the courtship ritual in most species. The area around the blowhole is also particularly sensitive and captive animals often object strongly to being touched there.
The sense of vision is developed to different degrees in different species. Baleen species studied at close quarters underwater – specifically a grey whale calf in captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whales and humpback whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaii – have obviously tracked objects with vision underwater, and they can apparently see moderately well both in water and in air. However, the position of the eyes so restricts the field of vision in baleen whales that they probably do not have stereoscopic vision.
On the other hand, the position of the eyes in most dolphins and porpoises suggests that they have stereoscopic vision forward and downward. Eye position in freshwater dolphins, which often swim on their side or upside down while feeding, suggests that what vision they have is stereoscopic forward and upward. By comparison, the bottlenose dolphin has an extremely keen vision in water. Judging from the way it watches and tracks airborne flying fish, it can apparently see fairly well through the air–water interface as well. And although preliminary experimental evidence suggests that their in-air vision is poor, the accuracy with which dolphins leap high to take small fish out of a trainer’s hand provides anecdotal evidence to the contrary.
Such variation can no doubt be explained with reference to the habitats in which individual species have developed. For example, vision is obviously more useful to species inhabiting clear open waters than to those living in turbid rivers and flooded plains. The South American boutu and Chinese beiji, for instance, appear to have very limited vision, and the Indian susus are blind, their eyes reduced to slits that probably allow them to sense only the direction and intensity of light.
Although the senses of taste and smell appear to have deteriorated, and vision in water appears to be uncertain, such weaknesses are more than compensated for by cetaceans’ well-developed acoustic sense. Most species are highly vocal, although they vary in the range of sounds they produce, and many forage for food using echolocation. Large baleen whales primarily use the lower frequencies and are often limited in their repertoire. Notable exceptions are the nearly song-like choruses of bowhead whales in summer and the complex, haunting utterances of the humpback whales. Toothed species, in general, employ more of the frequency spectrum, and produce a wider variety of sounds than baleen species (though the sperm whale apparently produces a monotonous series of high-energy clicks and little else). Some of the more complicated sounds are clearly communicative, although what role they may play in the social life and ‘culture’ of cetaceans has been more the subject of wild speculation than of solid science.
1. echolocation: the perception of objects by means of sound wave echoes.
Questions 15-21
Complete the table below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading Passage 85 for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 15–21 on your answer sheet.
| SENSE | SPECIES | ABILITY | COMMENTS |
| Smell | toothed | no | evidence from brain structure |
| baleen | not certain | related brain structures are present | |
| Taste | some types | poor | nerves linked to their 15 ……………….. are underdeveloped |
| Touch | all | yes | region around the blowhole very sensitive |
| Vision | 16……………….. | yes | probably do not have stereoscopic vision |
| dolphins, porpoises | yes | probably have stereoscopic vision 17 ……………….. and ……………….. | |
| 18……………….. | yes | probably have stereoscopic vision forward and upward | |
| bottlenose dolphin | yes | exceptional in 19 ……………….. and good in air-water interface | |
| boutu and beiji | poor | have limited vision | |
| Indian susu | no | probably only sense direction and intensity of light | |
| Hearing | most large baleen | yes | usually use 20 ……………….. repertoire limited |
| 21……………….. whales and ……………….. whales | yes | song-like | |
| toothed | yes | use more of frequency spectrum; have wider repertoire |
Questions 22-26
Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 22–26 on your answer sheet.
22. Which of the senses is described here as being involved in mating?
23. Which species swims upside down while eating?
24. What can bottlenose dolphins follow from under the water?
25. Which type of habitat is related to good visual ability?
26. Which of the senses is best developed in cetaceans?
Answer:
15. taste buds
16. baleen/ the baleen whales
17. forward, downward
18. freshwater dolphin(s)/ the freshwater dolphin(s)
19. water/ the water
20. lower frequencies/ the lower frequencies
21. bowhead, humpback
22. touch/ sense of touch
23. freshwater dolphin(s)/ the freshwater dolphin(s)
24. airborne flying fish
25. clear water(s)/ clear open water(s)
26. acoustic sense/ the acoustic sense